Case study in cognitive, language, social and emotionnel development Essay

Case study in cognitive, language, social and emotionnel development in child of 7 years old - Essay Example Currently, the child resides in Birmingham with his sister and mother who is a secondary school teacher. The child’s father works with a certain organization abroad. The child is a confident pupil in his class and field activities. The child has several friends in school and has the ability courage of expressing his emotions and needs to the concerned party. In assessing the child A’s cognitive development, I noted that, in school, the child is extremely talented. Child A also responds well to instructions and likes complying with the laid down class instructions. Child A seems to enjoy most class tasks and answers many questions asked in class sessions. The child is quite confidence in his abilities. Child has enough confidence in handling class questions. He even opts not to rely in dictionary in answering class questions. The environment in which child A grew was very effective in enhancing cognitive development. According to macro system theory child cognitive development depends on the surrounding environment. Additionally, child A was very confidence in his drawing in Art lesson. He completed drawing and displayed it to his friends. He had showed self esteem characteristics in whatever he did in class work and in the field. This could be as result of positive recommendation of his past achievements from his parents, family members and peers (Durkin 1995, 123). Healthy cognitive is significantly influenced by human relationship (Engler 2008, p. 90). The intimate relationship expressed to a child from conception to adulthood has an influence on child’s mental and physical development. Biologically, child A felt protected since he was strongly attached to his mother. Child A also portrayed qualities of a self esteemed persons in the way he responded to class questions. This was because of the authoritative nature of parenting. His mother was very strict hence making the child develops self confidence. According to Engler (2008, p.

Urbanization, Population and the Environment Essay

Urbanization, Population and the Environment - Essay Example This increase as well as migration of the world population will have an effect on the natural environmental resources owing to the increased consumption of food, energy, water and land. It has increased the air, water and noise pollution levels and other phenomena such as global warming which is adversely affecting the health of the population (Torrey; Ichimura). In addition, urbanization has also resulted in extensive exploitation of the natural resources thus leaving irreversible ecological footprints that have long-term effects on the population (Ichimura). Thus both the quality of life and environmental degradation are the major effects of urbanization and as the population in the urban areas is poised to increase in the future suitable strategies need to be implemented in order to maintain agricultural yield, energy and utilization of other natural resources such as water to sustain life. Urbanization is defined as the â€Å"process by which rural areas become urbanized as a result of economic development and industrialization† (Peng, Xiangming and Cheng). However, urbanization is also defined in demographic terms as the redistribution of the population from the rural to the urban areas over a period of time (Ichimura; Peng, Xiangming and Cheng). Urban settlements are larger and denser and the population is a heterogeneous group of people coexisting in the area while rural regions are smaller and less differentiated (Peng, Xiangming and Cheng). According to estimates only about 2 percent of the world population lived in urban settlements during the 1800’s, however, within a span of 200 years it has rose to 50 percent with the development of 18 megacities as of 2000.

Radio Resource Allocation Scheme

Radio Resource Allocation Scheme Intended for the multi-cell OFDMA based downlink network the Problem is to be formulated as an optimal joint resource allocation. Unfortunately, there is no time-efficient algorithm that can optimally solve equation (4.4) and directly finding the optimal solution will be computationally excessive at the point when the quantity of users and PRBs is huge in the all system. Subsequently, a conceivable problematic asset allotment framework proposed in this undertaking work. So as to decrease the multifaceted nature the asset designation plan is partitioned into two stages; radio asset and power allotments. In this segment, First we clarify the advancement of heuristic calculation for coarse ICIC and fine PRB task to accomplish a concentrated radio asset portion in the system. Subsequent to getting the answer for the radio asset assignment is and after that performed power portion in the second step, which will be talked about in the following area. Radio resources allocation scheme consisting of two phase, Phase 1-ICIC Phase 2- Fine PRB assignment. Phase-1 ICIC In the first phase of our proposed radio resource allocation is to develop an ICIC system using a simple but effective graph-based framework., Our objective is to develop chart that reflects real impedance happening in the ongoing system environment. As per the diagram hypothesis, the relating impedance chart is indicated by G=(V,E) where V is a situated of hubs every speaking to a client in the system, and E is a situated of edges uniting clients that can bring about overwhelming shared obstruction when they are assigned the same PRB. To decrease many-sided quality, the obstruction power for edge associations is resolved only by the nearness of clients in the system and topographical area. ie., cell-edge users suffer from severe interference due to the shorter distances to the adjacent BSs. The information for exact SINR measurements is not required at this stage. For building the edge association per pair, we characterize that the edge between user can and b is associated when E(a,b)=1, generally E(a,b)=0 and note that E(a,b)=E(b,a). The interference graph construction consisting of two basic rules they are as follows, Users inside of the same cell are commonly joined The association for any cell edge user is just match insightful set up with other cell-edge user of its dominant inteferering cells. The meaning of prevailing meddling cells is clarified by the previously stated presumption in framework model. Let Dm mean the set containing lists of prevailing meddling cells to cell-edge user m. Thus, an expressive illustration is shown in figure 5.1 given by (a) presents a simple 3-cell network case, where user 1,2,3 and 5 are cell-edge users of each cell and D1={1}, D2=à Ã‚ ¤, D3={3}, D5={1,2}, respectively. Then the corresponding interference graph is constructed. The concept of this graph-based framework is that simultaneous transmission on the same PRB is prohibited for users who are connected by edges, and thus both intra-cell interference and major ICI can be avoided in the network. Fig 5.1: An example of the graph-based framework. (a) 3-cell scenario (b) Interference graph construction. Phase-II Fine PRB Assignment The first phase construction offers the network with a strategic planning for ICIC but the actual PRB allocation has not been done up till now. In the second phase, therefore we will come to a decision how to practically make the PRB assignment in the network given the interference graph. To reduce complexity, a heuristic algorithm is proposed here to perform a fine PRB allocation by taking account of the instantaneous channel quality. As, major ICI is well looked after by the first stage in the second stage we consider simply SNR for ease by removing the interdependency matter of SINR At this stage power is thought to be similarly disseminated over all PRBs as a result of the force allotment will be tended to in next segment. Thus, SNR for m on PRB n is computed by SNRnm=(Pmax/N)g(j-m)/N0, where j is the serving cell of user m. Let Rm be the arrangement of users why should permitted have the same PRB or in another word, the same shading with user m in the system. Then the PRB allocation can be described in Algorithm 1. Note that finding the necessary Rm is also included in this algorithm. As indicated in Algorithm 1, the PRB assignment decision made to a user is resolved by the in a split second accomplished SNR as well as by a weighting element show by wm. The primary capacity of wm is to adjust the PRB distribution between cell-edge and cell-focus users of the system, i.e., higher weighting worth is given to cell-edge users as altogether reason they accomplish much lower SNRs contrasted with those of cell-focus users. Then again, the relative decency is likewise considered by making note of the quantity of PRBs as of now being used and in this way keeps the PRB designation from being selfishly abused by minority users in the system., Therefore, calculation 1 has the capacity perform PRB allotment that proficiently accomplishes a general execution change with great fairness amidst those two sorts of users in the system taking into account the weighted SNR . At that point the PRB designation can be demonstrated in Algorithm 1. As shown in Algorithm 1, the PRB contribute to choice complete to a user is strong-minded not just with the right away achieved SNR other than too with a weighing factor indicated by wm. The first function of wm is to balance the PRB allocation among cell-edge and cell-centre users of the network, i.e., higher weighting value is given to cell-edge users as in general they achieve much lower SNRs compared to those of cell-centre users. Then again, the relative uniformity is additionally considered by making note of the quantity of PRBs officially involved and in this way keeps the PRB assignment from being selfishly abused by minority users in the system. Thus wm can be expressed by wm=w/|Nm|, where Nm is set of PRBs that are before allocated to user m,| ` | is the cardinality of a set (note that |Nm|= 1 if Nm=à Ã‚ ¤), w = we when user m is a cell-edge user, otherwise w=wc and we>wc for return of the relatively low SNR received by cell-edge users. Algorithm 1 is able to perform PRB allocation based on the weighted SNR that effectively achieves an overall performance improvement with good fairness among those two types of users within the network. Therefore, radio resource distribution schemes effectively mitigated major ICI among cell-edge users of the network. On the other hand, cell-centre users are authorized to distribute PRBs by means of all users within the network (except their serving cells) and thereby may interfere with either cell-edge or cell-centre users of the adjacent cells depending on the PRB allocation by Algorithm 1, This interference determination be dealt by way of the following power allocation move towards. Power Allocation Approach Subsequent to completing the PRB assignment, the estimations of all parallel variable aj mn in mathematical statement (4.4) are resolved. Hence, the first issue is diminished to streamlining issue where just transmission power pj mn is considered. Not at all like the radio asset assignment, the power portion is chosen separately in every cell and after that performed BSs in appropriated way. Accordingly, an appropriated force designation methodology is proposed in this segment with significance on execution advancement for cell-edge users. Total Power Distribution: First and foremost we partition the aggregate transmission power of each cell into two sections: aggregate power of cell-edge users and cell-center users. Let Pj E and Pj C indicate the aggregate power distributed to cell-edge users and cell-center users in cell j, individually, and PjE+PjC=Pmax. Note that Pmax is assumed to be same for all BSs in the network. The determinations of PjE and PjC are based on following rules; relatively higher power is given in the direction of cell-edge users within order to balance the experienced large distance dependent path loss; and PjE(PjC) is proportional to the number of PRBs occupied with cell-edge (cell centre) users in cell j therefore, the relationship between PjE and PjC is expressed as shown in below equation (5.1) .. (5.1) Where BjC and BjE denote sets of total PRBs occupied by cell-centre and cell-edge users within cell j, respectively, and a(0 Power Allocation for Cell-Centre Users Keep in mind the issue detailing, the reason for comparison (4.4) is to restrictively expand the execution of cell-edge users and there is no improvement for cell-center users, while security of their execution is expressed as an essential breaking point. Subsequently, we essentially power the power designation to cell-center users by uniformly disseminating the aggregate power of cell-center users among their utilized PRBs as a part of every cell. Let pj(c).mn mean the power assigned to PRB n utilized by cell-center user m in cell j. At that point the neighborhood power assignment for cell-center users can choose by pj(c).mn demonstrated in comparison (5.2) pj(c).mn = PjC/|BjC|, .. (5.2) Note that user m in foreordained from the past PRB designation calculations by accomplishing aj.mn=1. Accordingly, in the accompanying we pass up a great opportunity m from the subscript variables of pj(c). Mn and streamline the expression as pj(c)n. To keep away from perplexity, we evacuate the general user file m from the subscript of all variables in the rest of this task. Power Allocation for cell-edge users Given the stable PRB portion and force designation of cell-center users, the first improvement issue demonstrated in comparison (4.4) turns into a raised capacity of power of cell-edge users and can be deteriorated into J parallel sub-issues, where the ideal power allotment to cell-edge users is understood near to every BS of the system. Note that such sub-issues are characterized as a grouping of comparison (5.3), where just joint obstruction between cell-edge and cell-center users is taken into clarification. Let pj(e)n indicate the force assigned to PRB n utilized by a cell-edge user in cell j. Along these lines, the target of P2 for cell j is communicated as demonstrated in underneath mathematical statement (5.3) .. (5.3) Where hjn (hj*n) indicates the joint channel impact on PRBn in cell j(j*) including the channel gain and path loss fading components presented in (3), i.e., hjn=g(j-m)nL_d(j-m)_ and Sjn is a set of neighbouring cells in the network (i.e., j*_=j,j*Ej), inside which PRB n is used with a cell-centre user at the moment. Above equation (5.3) is subject to the following constraints of the equation (5.4) .. (5.4) Where yj*n is the SINR accomplished by a cell-center user of neighboring cell j* to whom p(e)n is the impedance source on PRB n, and Ɇ¦ is a suitable SINR edge decided to keep up elite of cell-center users in cell j*. The thought of P2 is to utilize power allotment to boost execution of cell-edge users under the imperative that execution of cell-center users is not generally give us. In other words, power allocation to cell-edge users to be conditionally optimized During order not to generate undesirable interference to cell-centre users in the network. In addition, here we take for granted that required information about the power allocation of cell-centre users in adjacent cells in known by each BS, which in fact are achievable in future wireless networks where specified links, such as the X2 interference in LTE, are built to connect BSs for necessary information exchange among them. The Optimal Solution can be derived in below equation (5.5) (5.5) As a barrier-constrained water-filling process the deviation can be also described graphically. By defining 1/Hjn as the base, 1/ln2~ÃŽ » as the water level and 1/ln2~ÃŽ »-Tjn as the barrier. The allocated power is indicated by the area (e.g., 1 and 2) below the water level and above both base and barrier. The allocated power is zero when either the base or barrier is above the water level. In addition, if the barrier (blue dashed line) is completely under the base, the base, the problem turns into a conservative water-fitting process. Fig 5.2: An example of a barrier-constrained water-filling process.     Ã‚   Lastly, the optimal solution of ~ÃŽ » and ~pj(e)n can be obtained by well known sub-gradient method, which can assurance a rapid convergence after a number of iterations. The difficulty of the future power distribution is O(||BjE||) which is self-governing of the number of cells in the network. Also this complexity is less than that of the general optimal power allocation where the complexity is O(N). For example, because the optimal power distribution is only executed intended for cell edge users and normally |BjE|

The Temporal Lobe and its Effects on Language Essay -- Neurology Neuro

The Temporal Lobe and its Effects on Language My paper has to due with the duties of a Neuropsychologists when examining damage or abnomalities to the Temporal lobe of the human brain and the various impairments that can happen to language. The temporal lobe is a vital area of the brain for many of the humans abilities such as memory and auditory processing, an also language. The neuropsychologist responsibility is for evaluating problems in this area when dealing with a client and implementing therapy solutions. Also the duties of a neuropsychologist are in the aspects of research and developing tools to assist people with temporal lobe malfunctions and other areas of the body too. This paper will delve into these functions of a neuropsychologist and how the practitioner uses these tools to assist people with the various afflictions that arise from problems in the human temporal lobe. A pivotal area of the temporal lobe and language comprehension is the Wernike’s area. When theirs damage to this section of the brain a condition related to language problems is known as Wernike’s Aphasia. Aphasia is known as a severe language impairment but with this version the person is still able to speak fluently but are unable to comprehend written and spoken language. (Kalat, 2005) The principal signs of aphasia are impairments in the ability to express oneself when speaking, trouble understanding speech, and difficulty with reading and writing. Aphasia is most often the result of stroke or head injury, but can also occur in other neurological disorders, such as brain tumor or Alzheimer's disease. The effects of aphasia differ from person to person, and can sometimes b... ...areas of the brain. Unfortunately my client’s condition has not improved from the help of these professionals, and treatments for him are almost to a stand still or non-existent. Works Cited Aphasia.org (2005). Introduction to Aphasia. Retrieved May 2,2005. From Aphasia.org. Appel, A. (1997) What is a Neuropsychologist. Retrieved April 23, 2005. From tbidoc.com. British Medical Association. (2003). Mesial temporal sclerosis lobe epilepsy. Retrieved April 24, 2005. From WWW.info-trac.com. Kalat, J. (2004). Biological Psychology. 8Th edition, Chapter 15.3. Martin, R.C. (2003). Language processing: functional organization and neuroanatomical. Annual Review of Psychology. Annual 2003 p55(35). NewsRX. (2001). Area of Language Recovery in Brain Imaged. Pain & Central Nervous System Week. Jan 13, 2001 p14.

Mr. Know All Summary

Ex. 1: Conditionals Choose the most appropriate answer. ————————————————- 1. I like this coat. If it  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cheaper, I would buy it. is  would be  were  had been 2. If I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  you, I would call him. am  would be  were  had been 3. She would write to him if she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  his address. knows  would know  knew  had known 4. Even if I had enough money, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  buy this car. could  might  would  would not 5. What would happen if someone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this button accidentally? will press  would press  pressed  had pressed 6. What would you do if you  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a million dollars? have  had  had had  would have . If I had a bicycle, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  for a ride with you. can go  could go  could have gone  would have gone 8 . I hope she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mind if I stayed here. doesn't  won't  wouldn't  would 9. Mrs. Green call, tell her I'll be back around four o'clock. Could  Might  Should  Would 10. She would be disappointed if we  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  her a present. won't bring  wouldn't bring  didn't bring  hadn't brought Ex. 1: Conditionals Choose the most appropriate answer. ————————————————- 1. I like this coat. If it  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cheaper, I would buy it. is  would be  were  had been 2. If I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  you, I would call him. m  would be  were  had been 3. She would write to him if she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  his address. knows  would know  knew  had known 4. Even if I had enough money, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  buy this car. could  might  would  would not 5. What would happen if someone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this button accidentally? will press  would press  pressed  had pressed 6. What would you do if you  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a million dollars? have  had  had had  would have 7. If I had a bicycle, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  for a ride with you. can go  could go  could have gone  would have gone 8. I hope she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mind if I stayed here. doesn't  won't  wouldn't  would 9. Mrs. Green call, tell her I'll be back around four o'clock.Could  Might  Should  Would 10. She would be disappointed if we  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  her a present. won't bring  wouldn't bring  didn't bring  hadn't brought Ex. 1: Conditionals Choose the most appropriate answer. ————————————————- 1. I like this coat. If it  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cheaper, I would buy it. is  would be  were  had been 2. If I  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  you, I would call him. am  would be  were  had been 3. She would write to him if she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  his address. knows  would know  knew  had known 4. Even if I had enough money, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  buy this car. could  might  would  would not 5. What would happen if someone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this button accidentally? ill press  would press  pressed  had pressed 6. What would you do if you  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a million dollars? have  had  had had  would have 7. If I had a bicycle, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  for a ride with you. can go  could go  could have gone  would have gone 8. I hope she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mind if I stayed here. doesn't  won't  wouldn't  would 9. Mrs. Green call, tell her I'll be back around four o'clock. Could  Might  Should  Would 10. She would be disappointed if we  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  her a present. won't bring  wouldn't bring  didn't bring  hadn't brought Ex. 1: Conditionals Choose the most appropriate answer. ————————————————- . I like this coat. If it  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cheaper, I would buy it. is  would be  were  had been 2. If I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  you, I would call him. am  would be  were  had been 3. She would write to him if she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  his address. knows  would know  knew  had known 4. Even if I had enough money, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  buy this car. could  might  would  would not 5. What would happen if someone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this button accidentally? will press  would press  pressed  had pressed 6. What would you do if you  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a million dollars? have  had  had had  would have 7. If I had a bicycle, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  for a ride with you. can go  could go  could have gone  would have gone 8.I hope she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mind if I stayed here. doesn't  won't  wouldn't  would 9. Mrs. Green call, tell her I'll be back around four o'clock. Could  Might  Should  Would 10. She would be disappointed if we  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  her a present. won't bring  wouldn't bring  didn't bring  hadn't brought Ex. 1: Conditionals Choose the most appropriate answer. ————————————————- 1. I like this coat. If it  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cheaper, I would buy it. is  would be  were  had been 2. If I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  you, I would call him. am  would be  were  had been 3. She would write to him if she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  his address. knows  would know  knew  had known 4.Even if I had enough money, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  buy this car. could  might  would  would not 5. What would happen if someone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this button accidentally? will press  would press  pressed  had pressed 6. What would you do if you  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a million dollars? have  had  had had  would have 7. If I had a bicycle, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  for a ride with you. can go  could go  could have gone  would have gone 8. I hope she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mind if I stayed here. doesn't  won't  wouldn't  would 9. Mrs. Green call, tell her I'll be back around four o'clock. Could  Might  Should  Would 10. She would be disappointed if we  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  her a present. won't bring  wouldn't bring  didn't bring  hadn't broughtEx. 1: Conditionals Choose the most appropriate answer. ————————————————- 1. I like this coat. If it  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cheaper, I would buy it. is  would be  were   had been 2. If I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  you, I would call him. am  would be  were  had been 3. She would write to him if she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  his address. knows  would know  knew  had known 4. Even if I had enough money, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  buy this car. could  might  would  would not 5. What would happen if someone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this button accidentally? will press  would press  pressed  had pressed 6. What would you do if you  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a million dollars? have  had  had had  would have . If I had a bicycle, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  for a ride with you. can go  could go  could have gone  would have gone 8. I hope she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mind if I stayed here. doesn't  won't  wouldn't  would 9. Mrs. Green call, tell her I'll be back around four o'clock. Could  Might  Should  Would 10. She would be disappointed if we  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  her a present. won't bring  w ouldn't bring  didn't bring  hadn't brought Ex. 1: Conditionals Choose the most appropriate answer. ————————————————- 1. I like this coat. If it  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cheaper, I would buy it. is  would be  were  had been 2. If I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  you, I would call him. m  would be  were  had been 3. She would write to him if she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  his address. knows  would know  knew  had known 4. Even if I had enough money, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  buy this car. could  might  would  would not 5. What would happen if someone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this button accidentally? will press  would press  pressed  had pressed 6. What would you do if you  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a million dollars? have  had  had had  would have 7. If I had a bicycle, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  for a ride with you. can go  could go  could have gone  would have gone 8. I hope she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mind if I stayed here. doesn't  won't  wouldn't  would 9. Mrs. Green call, tell her I'll be back around four o'clock.Could  Might  Should  Would 10. She would be disappointed if we  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  her a present. won't bring  wouldn't bring  didn't bring  hadn't brought 1. Revise clauses of time and condition and match the two parts of the sentences. A * If Jane has free time, a)we win the game * If Nick buys skates, b)she will become a good sportswoman soon * If Tom wins the match, c)she will go in for swimming * If Cristine joins us, d)he will become a member of the national team * If Rachiel starts regular training, e)he will skate a lot during his winter holidaysB * When Andrew becomes rich and famous, a)she will be really tired * When Jane arrives, b)they will go to the swimming pool * When the children finish their homework, c)I will go in for sports * When the classes are over, d)he will buy a car * When I am free, e)the students will do a bit of skating Complete the sentences using the ideas from the brackets. The words in the word box can help you.As soon as, after, before, in case, if, on condition that, till(untill) * You’ll be allowed to join the group ( , ). * ( ), you’ll be under the spell of her fascination. * It will take you half an hour ( , ). * I won’t go anywhere ( , ). * ( ), she will be totally absorbed in it. * I won’t say a word ( , ).Revise clauses of time and condition and match the two parts of the sentences. A * If Jane has free time, a)we win the game * If Nick buys skates, b)she will become a good sportswoman soon * If Tom wins the match, c)she will go in for swimming * If Cristine joins us, d)he will become a member of the national team * If Rachiel starts regular training, e)he will skate a lot during his winter holidays B When Andrew becomes rich and famous, a) she will be really tired * When Jane arrives, b)they will go to the swimming pool * When the children finish their homework, c)I will go in for sports * When the classes are over, d)he will buy a car * When I am free, e)the students will do a bit of skating Complete the sentences using the ideas from the brackets. The words in the word box can help you.As soon as, after, before, in case, if, on condition that, till(untill) * You’ll be allowed to join the group ( , ). * ( ), you’ll be under the spell of her fascination. * It will take you half an hour ( , ). * I won’t go anywhere ( , ). * ( ), she will be totally absorbed in it. * I won’t say a word ( , ).Revise clauses of time and condition and match the two parts of the sentences. A * If Jane has free time, a)we win the game * If Nick buys skates, b)she will become a good sportswoman soon * If Tom wins the match, c)she will go in for swimming * If Cristine joins us, d)he will bec ome a member of the national team * If Rachiel starts regular training, e)he will skate a lot during his winter holidays B When Andrew becomes rich and famous, a)she will be really tired * When Jane arrives, b)they will go to the swimming pool * When the children finish their homework, c)I will go in for sports * When the classes are over, d)he will buy a car * When I am free, e)the students will do a bit of skating Complete the sentences using the ideas from the brackets. The words in the word box can help you.As soon as, after, before, in case, if, on condition that, till(untill) * You’ll be allowed to join the group ( , ). * ( ), you’ll be under the spell of her fascination. * It will take you half an hour ( , ). * I won’t go anywhere ( , ). * ( ), she will be totally absorbed in it. * I won’t say a word ( , ).Revise clauses of time and condition and match the two parts of the sentences. A * If Jane has free time, a)we win the game * If Nick buys skates, b)she will become a good sportswoman soon * If Tom wins the match, c)she will go in for swimming * If Cristine joins us, d)he will become a member of the national team * If Rachiel starts regular training, e)he will skate a lot during his winter holidays B When Andrew becomes rich and famous, a)she will be really tired * When Jane arrives, b)they will go to the swimming pool * When the children finish their homework, c)I will go in for sports * When the classes are over, d)he will buy a car * When I am free, e)the students will do a bit of skating Complete the sentences using the ideas from the brackets. The words in the word box can help you.As soon as, after, before, in case, if, on condition that, till(untill) * You’ll be allowed to join the group ( , ). * ( ), you’ll be under the spell of her fascination. * It will take you half an hour ( , ). * I won’t go anywhere ( , ). * ( ), she will be totally absorbed in i t. * I won’t say a word ( , ).Revise clauses of time and condition and match the two parts of the sentences. A * If Jane has free time, a)we win the game * If Nick buys skates, b)she will become a good sportswoman soon * If Tom wins the match, c)she will go in for swimming * If Cristine joins us, d)he will become a member of the national team * If Rachiel starts regular training, e)he will skate a lot during his winter holidays B When Andrew becomes rich and famous, a)she will be really tired * When Jane arrives, b)they will go to the swimming pool * When the children finish their homework, c)I will go in for sports * When the classes are over, d)he will buy a car * When I am free, e)the students will do a bit of skating Complete the sentences using the ideas from the brackets. The words in the word box can help you.As soon as, after, before, in case, if, on condition that, till(untill) * You’ll be allowed to join the group ( , ). * ( ), you’ll be un der the spell of her fascination. * It will take you half an hour ( , ). * I won’t go anywhere ( , ). * ( ), she will be totally absorbed in it. * I won’t say a word ( , ).Revise clauses of time and condition and match the two parts of the sentences. A * If Jane has free time, a)we win the game * If Nick buys skates, b)she will become a good sportswoman soon * If Tom wins the match, c)she will go in for swimming * If Cristine joins us, d)he will become a member of the national team * If Rachiel starts regular training, e)he will skate a lot during his winter holidays B When Andrew becomes rich and famous, a)she will be really tired * When Jane arrives, b)they will go to the swimming pool * When the children finish their homework, c)I will go in for sports * When the classes are over, d)he will buy a car * When I am free, e)the students will do a bit of skating Complete the sentences using the ideas from the brackets. The words in the word box can hel p you.As soon as, after, before, in case, if, on condition that, till(untill) * You’ll be allowed to join the group ( , ). * ( ), you’ll be under the spell of her fascination. * It will take you half an hour ( , ). * I won’t go anywhere ( , ). * ( ), she will be totally absorbed in it. * I won’t say a word ( , ).Revise clauses of time and condition and match the two parts of the sentences. A * If Jane has free time, a)we win the game * If Nick buys skates, b)she will become a good sportswoman soon * If Tom wins the match, c)she will go in for swimming * If Cristine joins us, d)he will become a member of the national team * If Rachiel starts regular training, e)he will skate a lot during his winter holidaysB * When Andrew becomes rich and famous, a)she will be really tired * When Jane arrives, b)they will go to the swimming pool * When the children finish their homework, c)I will go in for sports * When the classes are over, d)he w ill buy a car * When I am free, e)the students will do a bit of skating Complete the sentences using the ideas from the brackets. The words in the word box can help you.As soon as, after, before, in case, if, on condition that, till(untill) * You’ll be allowed to join the group ( , ). * ( ), you’ll be under the spell of her fascination. * It will take you half an hour ( , ). * I won’t go anywhere ( , ). * ( ), she will be totally absorbed in it. * I won’t say a word ( , ). . How is Tom going to get to work tomorrow? He isn’t sure. If it’s rains, ___________________________ If it’s sunny, __________________________ 2. Where are you going to have lunch today? I’m not sure. If I’m not a hurry, ______________________ If I have some time, ____________________ 3. Where is Patty going to go after school today? She isn’t sure. If she has a lot of homework, _______________ If she doesn’t hav e a lot of homework____________________ 4. What are Mr. nd Mrs. Green going to do tonight? They aren’t sure. If they’re tired, __________________________ If they have some energy, __________________ 5. What’s Jane going to do tomorrow? She isn’t sure. If she still has a cold, _______________________ If she feels better, ____________________ 6. What’s Henry going to have for dessert this evening? He isn’t sure. If he decides to stay on his diet, _________________ If he decides to forget about his diet, _____________

Islamic Business Ethics

Ethics has always been a part of business. The article of Islamic Business Ethics & Finance: An Exploratory Study of Islamic Banks in Malaysia written by Muhammad Adli Musa studied about how Islamic finance which claims to offer global financial stability and high ethical standards should reflect Islamic values in all facets of behaviour to bring about collective morality and spirituality, which when integrated with the production of goods and services advance the Islamic way of life.This paper also attempts to investigate the consistencies or, if any, inconsistencies and explore the relationship between the Islamic business ethical norms and the practices of Islamic banks in Malaysia. In doing so it tries to address the current imbalance of emphasis and the lack of a comprehensive discussion on business ethics from a wider cultural and religious perspective with reference to Islam, particularly focussing on selected Islamic banks in Malaysia. The main research question of this study is how do the current practices in Malaysian IFIs mirror the Islamic ethical norms in business?The findings in this paper would potentially assist in the improvement of practices among IFIs to conform to the ethical norms established by Islam, which are in fact the core of their existence. For Muslims, Islam is considered as a way of life and not merely a religion. Hence, business ethics cannot be separated from ethics in other aspects of a Muslim’s daily life. It is claimed that in the climate of Islamic philosophy, it is ethics that dominate economics and not vice versa, and that Islamic economics is characterized as being ethical besides being Godly, humane and balanced.The concept of Taw? id has been identified as the core of Islamic ethics, along with trusteeship or stewardship, justice or equilibrium, free will or freedom, responsibility and generosity. On a more practical level, the manner for proper Islamic ethical conduct in business is based on leniency, which enco mpasses good manners, forgiveness, removal of hardship and compensation; service motive, where businesses provide needed services to the community; and consciousness of Allah, which requires Muslim businessmen to be mindful of Allah in their conduct of business.In the financial services sector, ethics has become increasingly important on the basis that the purpose of business activities in general and financial services in particular is the creation of value for the consumer. The financial services environment should not be an environment where there is a dichotomy between the personal ethical attitudes and the attitudes governing one’s business life. Moreover, it is suggested that an ethical environment will coincidentally pave the way to improved performance as in the case of the British Cooperative Bank’s ethical policy, and provides essential support for maximizing long-term owner value.The recent global financial crisis might have been averted if ethics played a l arger role in the financial services sector. Islamic finance has been recognized as a rapidly increasing integrated compartment of global finance with assets worldwide estimated to be worth $700 billion as a result of growth at a rate of more than 10% annually during the past decade. With respect to ethics, IFIs are considered to be ethical since the foundation of their business philosophy is grounded in the shariah, often referred to as ethics in action, which is concerned with promoting justice and welfare n society and seeking God’s blessing.The difference between Islamic and conventional financial systems is that the former has to preserve certain social objectives and is based on equity rather than debt. Malaysia’s Financial Sector Master-Plan explicitly mentions that it would like to symbolize Malaysia as a regional Islamic financial centre. A distinguishing feature of the Malaysian economy is that Islamic finance has been fully integrated into its existing finan cial system, which demonstrates the sector’s inventiveness and capacity for innovation.It is also worth highlighting that the Malaysian Islamic finance market is considered to be well developed with a huge future potential. The first IFI established in Malaysia was the Malayan Muslims Pilgrims Savings Corporation which began operations in 1963. Twenty years later in 1983, the first Islamic bank, Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad, started operations after continuous pressure on the Malaysian government to assist in establishing an Islamic bank.The seriousness of the Malaysian government in furthering the cause of Islamic finance can be seen in the Financial Sector Master-Plan’s vision to see Islamic banking evolve in parallel with conventional banking to achieve 20% of the banking market share, represented by a number of strong and highly capitalized Islamic banking institutions, offering financial products and services which are underpinned by a comprehensive and conducive sh ariah and regulatory framework.To sum up, from the study presented, it can be fairly assumed that the practices of the Islamic banks in Malaysia under study do conform to the Islamic ethical norm in business based on the perception of executives working in the banks concerned. Individual positive and negative statements are areas where the Islamic banks concerned must strive to improve. Particularly, the perception of the management among employees of the banks must improve as it is the management who determines the issue of business conduct and principles in a business organisation.Issues surrounding the treatment of employees such as equality and fair wages must also be addressed in line with business ethical norms established by Islam. A preliminary look into the qualitative data of the Ph. D. research of the author, which is not presented in this paper, suggests that the senior management, Shariah heads and Shariah Supervisory Board members of the Islamic banks under study are a ware of the importance of incorporating Islamic ethics in the operations of their respective banks.However, the climate in which the banks operate does not necessarily support such notions. Furthermore, Islamic banks might not feel compelled to abide by Islamic ethical norms in business if the consumers of their products and services do not strongly demand so. The emphasis on shariah compliancy of products and services has arguably resulted in the ethical dimension of Islamic finance to be somehow sidelined.Shariah compliancy is indeed the essence of Islamic finance but beyond that, Islamic banks should be at the forefront of ethical banking, whereby they take into consideration the impact of their activities on the society at large. Islamic banks must also strive to adopt the recommendations by the IFSB and AAOIFI in their published Guiding Principles and Conduct of Business for Institutions offering Islamic Financial Services and the Code of Ethics for the Employees of IFIs respec tively as best practices in the industry.Research needs to be conducted using various techniques to answer the research question at hand. Realising that, the author in his Ph. D. study has interviewed the senior management, Shariah heads and Shariah Supervisory Board members of the banks concerned to obtain their views on Islamic business ethics in relation to Islamic banking practices in Malaysia. The author also included in his Ph. D. research the ethical identities of the banks concerned based on their annual reports and other materials accessible to the public such as the banks’ websites and other publications.

Brooklyn Bridge Disaster

Brooklyn Bridge Disaster The walkway of the  Brooklyn Bridge was the site of a shocking disaster on May 30, 1883, only  a week after it opened to the public. With businesses closed for a patriotic holiday,  crowds had flocked to the bridges promenade, the highest vantage point in New York City at the time. Near the Manhattan  side of the great bridge a pedestrian bottleneck  became tightly packed, and the shoving of the crowd  sent people toppling down a short flight of stairs. People screamed. The crowd panicked, fearful that the entire structure was in danger of collapsing into the river. The crush of people on  the walkway became intense. Workmen  putting finishing touches on the bridge  raced along trusses to the scene and began tearing down railings to alleviate the crowding. People picked up babies and children and tried to pass them overhead, out of the crowd. Within just a few minutes the frenzy  had passed. But 12 people had been crushed to death. Hundreds more were injured, many seriously. The deadly stampede placed a dark cloud over  what had been a celebratory first week for the bridge. Detailed accounts of the mayhem on the bridge became a sensation in the highly competitive world of New York City newspapers. As the citys papers were still congregated in the neighborhood of Park Row, only blocks from the Manhattan end of the bridge, the story could not have been more local. The Scene on the Bridge The bridge had officially opened on Thursday, May 24, 1883. Traffic during the first weekend was very heavy, as sightseers flocked to enjoy the novelty of strolling  hundreds of feet above  the East River. The New York Tribune, on Monday, May 28, 1883, printed a front page story indicating that the bridge might have become too popular. It ominously mentioned that bridge workers, at one point on Sunday afternoon, feared a riot. The pedestrian promenade was popular on the Brooklyn Bridge. Getty Images Decoration Day, the precursor to Memorial Day fell that  Wednesday, May 30, 1883. After morning rain, the day turned very pleasant. The New York Sun, on the front page of the next days edition, described the scene: When the rain was over yesterday afternoon the Brooklyn Bridge, which had its crowds in the morning, but had become comparatively open again, began to threaten a blockade. With the hundreds who came down town to the New York gates were hundreds of men in the uniform of the Grand Army of the Republic. Most of the people strolled over to Brooklyn, and then turned back without leaving the bridge. Thousands were coming over from Brooklyn, returning from cemeteries where soldiers graves had been decorated, or taking advantage of the holiday to see the bridge. There were not so many on the bridge as on the day after the opening, or on the following Sunday, but they seemed inclined to loiter. There would be an open space of from fifty to one hundred feet, and then a dense jam. Problems became intense at the top of a nine-foot high flight of stairs built into the walkway, near the point at which the main suspension cables passed by the promenade on the Manhattan side of the bridge. The pressing of the crowd pushed some people down the stairs.   Did You Know? Predictions of the Brooklyn Bridges collapse had been common. In 1876, at about the halfway point of its construction, the chief mechanic of the bridge crossed between the Brooklyn and Manhattan towers on a cable to publicly demonstrate confidence in the bridges design. Somebody shouted out that there was danger, reported  the New York Sun. And the impression prevailed that the bridge was giving way beneath the crowd. The newspaper mentioned,  A woman held her baby over the trestle work and begged someone to take it. The situation had turned desperate. From the New York Sun: At last, with a single shriek that cut through the clamor of thousands of voices, a young girl lost her footing, and fell down the lower flight of steps. She lay for a moment, and then raised herself on her hands, and would have got up. But in another moment she was buried under the bodies of others who fell over the steps after her. She was dead when they got her out more than half an hour afterward. Men sprang upon the rails at the side and waved the crowds back from both the New York and Brooklyn sides. But the people continued to crowd on toward the steps. No police were in sight. Men in the crowd lifted their children above their heads to save them from the crush. People were still paying their pennies at both gates and swarming in. Within minutes the frantic scene had calmed. Soldiers, who had been parading near the bridge in  Decoration Day commemorations, rushed to the scene.  The New York Sun described the aftermath: A company of the Twelfth New York Regiment worked hard at dragging them out. Twenty-five seemed to be nearly dead. They were laid along the north and south sides of the pathway, and the people from Brooklyn passed on between them. Men and women turned faint at the sight of the swollen and blood-stained faces of the dead. Four men, a lad, six women, and a girl of 15 were quite dead, or died in a few moments. They had been found at the bottom of the heap. The police stopped grocers wagons coming from Brooklyn, and, carrying the bodies of the wounded and climbing down the planks to the road, laid them in the wagons, and told the drivers to hurry to the Chambers Street Hospital. Six bodies were laid in one wagon. The drivers whipped up their horses and drove with full speed to the hospital. Newspaper accounts of the dead and wounded were heartbreaking. The New York Sun described how one young couples afternoon stroll on the bridge turned tragic: Sarah Hennessey was married on Easter, and was walking on the bridge with her husband when the crowd closed in upon them. Her husband injured his left arm a week ago, and clung to his wife with his right hand. A little girl fell in front of him, and he was thrown upon his knees and kicked and bruised. Then his wife was torn from him, and he saw her trampled upon and killed. When he got off the bridge he searched for his wife and found her in the hospital. According to a report in the New York Tribune of May 31, 1883, Sarah Hennessey had been married to her husband John Hennessey for seven weeks. She was 22 years old. They had lived in Brooklyn. Rumors of the disaster spread quickly through the city. The New York Tribune reported:  An hour after the accident it was told in the vicinity of Madison Square that 25 persons were killed and hundreds wounded, and at 42nd Street that the bridge had fallen down and 1,500 had lost their lives. In the days and weeks following the disaster the blame for the tragedy was directed at the management of the bridge. The bridge had its own small police force, and officials of the bridge company were criticized for failing to place policeman at strategic place to keep crowds dispersed. It became standard practice  for uniformed officers on the bridge to keep people moving along, and the Decoration Day tragedy was never repeated. The fear  that the bridge was in danger of collapsing was, of course, completely unfounded. The Brooklyn Bridge has been renovated to some extent, and the original trolley track was removed in the late 1940s and the roadways changed to accommodate more automobiles. But the walkway still stretches down the middle of the bridge and is still in use. The bridge is crossed every  day by thousands of pedestrians, and the promenade with striking views that drew revelers in May 1883 is still an attraction for tourists today.

Writing a wonderful comparative essay

Writing a wonderful comparative essay Comparative essay Customers all over the world need academic help from professional writers. is the company that has earned great respect among students in different countries of the world. If you need a comparative essay to submit to your college or university, you need to know how to contrast the concepts and ideas in your paper. Students use the arguments to bring out the comparison, although not everyone knows that it can be done in different ways. The first approach is comparing the items one over the other; mostly, it is done when the concepts are of the same category. The second way is to do the comparison between the items or concepts towards one or another without any biased attitude. It is important to know how to write a compare and contrast essay in a proper way. You should distinguish between a comparative and a contrasting essay to know how to deal with similar and different characteristics of the concept. Furthermore, it is essential to remember that the focus of the contrasting essay is the differences, not similarities. The best compare and contrast essay examples show the most appropriate format of the essay. It should comprise a well-written introduction, the main points in the body and the concluding paragraph. The body should contain the emphasis of the whole text. It is important to make the comparative essay simple and comprehensible; however, it is also essential to make it concise. The thesis statement in the introductory paragraph should be brief and very specific. The clear comparison should be evident from the very beginning; afterwards, it goes through the whole text and is restated in the last paragraph of the conclusion. A good advice for the students is to develop a list of similar and different features for the comparison. An outstanding compare and contrast essay example can demonstrate that a good essay is always based on a well-developed outline and a draft. It is important to analyze whether the differences or similarities outweigh. Moreover, a thesis should reveal the main idea of the comparison. A compare contrast essay needs a developed structure and a specific method of designing an effective argument. A point-by-point pattern of comparison is efficient as it allows getting common points for juxtaposing, while a subject-by-subject approach allows discussing all points of every item separately. It is more useful to apply the second method if there are several subjects to be compared or there no related points on the subject of contrasting and comparison. Important Aspects of Writing a Compare and Contrast Essay There is a wide range of compare and contrast essay topics; however, an important thing is to maintain balance between all the issues under discussion and avoid biased attitude. As for the conclusion, it should be emphatic enough to state the point persuasively and to help the readers remember all the issues clearly. The final paragraph is supposed to restate the main points presented in the body of the text. Note that less essential ideas should not be used; the preference should be given to the ideas with greater importance. Comparative essays should have more room for the key aspects. A comparative essay is successful if the writer can bring out all the comparative elements in such a creative manner that the readers are attracted with the ideas. Writing a comparative essay does not limit the students in choosing topics or approaches; however, the items to be compared should have the attributes and features which can be related. Work on your essay yourself or ask a professional writer to assist you. The result will be definitely amazing! Comparative Essay for Free

Anti-Italian American Prejudice and Discrimination

Anti-Italian American Prejudice and Discrimination Mezzogiorno Nearly three-fourths of all Italian immigrants to the United States came from the southernmost provinces of Italy. Known as Il Mezzogiorno, it was the country’s most impoverished region, with the illiteracy rate at a staggering 70 percent in 1900, and longstanding oppression from Italy’s Northern-dominated government. Southern Italian economy relied on agriculture, but natural disasters of volcano eruptions and earthquakes in the early 20th century devastated what little cultivatable land there was (Mintz, 2007). Unable to sustain tolerable living conditions, most became migrant workers. Between the years of 1876 and 1924, nearly 5 million Italians arrived in the United States (Pozzetta, 2008). About one-fourth remained in New York City, while more than half settled in the middle Atlantic states and New EnglandMany Italian immigrants had no plans of establishing permanent homes in the United States. Most were young men who left behind their wives and childr en with hopes of brief absence-they would find employment, collect their pay, and return home. They lived prudently in conditions that were regarded as intolerable by ordinary American families (Mintz, 2007). Commonly working unskilled jobs in construction and public development, roughly half of the Italian immigrant population in the early 1900’s was made up of manual laborers (Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia, 2009). Although the United States appealed to emigrating Italians as the best prospective destination to find work, Gambino (2002) asserts that American industry sought immigrants to replace the emancipated slave class. Many Italian immigrants in the North took positions in sweatshops and factories, while others were recruited to work on Southern plantations where slave labor had since been abolished (LaGumina, 1999). However, those in larger urban areas often found dominance in skilled artisan trades they had once practiced in Italy, such as shoemaking, tailorin g, and barbering (Pozzetta, 2008). Though still generally confined to a lower class, many Italian immigrants found solidarity in highly concentrated ethnic neighborhoods (Mangione & Morreale, 1993). Little Italies The emergence of â€Å"Little Italies† was prompted in large part by the intolerance and hostility that Italian immigrants faced in mainstream American society (Pozzetta, 2008). A working class minority that was defined by some as â€Å"not quite white† (Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia, 2009), or the â€Å"missing link† between black and white (Borsella, 2005), they often faced discrimination in housing opportunities. Italian immigrants themselves were slow to seek assimilation because traditionally, la famiglia (the family) and l’ordine della famiglia (the rules of behavior and responsibility to the family) came before any affiliation with a larger-scale community (Mintz, 2007). This resistance began to fade as subsequent generations stra yed from the strict codes of their parents. With the dawn of World War II, more than 500,000 Italian Americans served in the U.S. military, proving to many that their loyalties to the country were strong. By the 1950’s it seemed that Italian immigrants, now secure in identifying as Italian Americans, had found a true home in the United States (Pozzetta, 2008). Anti-Italian prejudice however, though less pronounced, still endured. Dating back to the early 20th century and the apex of the group’s immigration, society and popular culture have attached a number of stereotypes to Italian Americans. Arguably the most distinctive stereotype is that of association with La Cosa Nostra, or the American Mafia (Pozzetta, 2008). Released in 1972, the critically-acclaimed and wildly popular film The Godfather became the archetype of Hollywood’s â€Å"Mafia movie† industry, depicting Italian Americans as ruthless criminals, a label that had long vilified their ethnic id entity. Many Italian Americans, after having fought the stereotype for decades, came to embrace the Mafia image that had captivated American moviegoers and provided a highly profitable new avenue for filmmakers. The 1990’s introduced the film Goodfellas (1990) and the television series The Sopranos (1999), both of which reinforced the hardcore gangster image (Borsella, 2005). Other predominant Italian American stereotypes in film and television often still include the feisty young woman with a taste for gaudy fashion, the lovable womanizer, and the overweight matriarch with excessive jewelry and a pot of spaghetti (Pozzetta, 2008).

Fair value vs. Historical cost Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fair value vs. Historical cost - Research Paper Example (Pita and Gutierrez, 2006) Hence, the fair value of an asset or liability best estimates the market value of an asset or liability. The historical cost is defined as the original monetary value of an asset or liability. (Nikolai, Bazley and Jones, 2009) The accounting procedure that pertains to the use of the historical costs includes the use of the original prices of the assets and liabilities. (Plantin, Sapra and Shin, 2004)This means that the prices at which the assets are bought or sold, and the liabilities are incurred and settled are used in the historical costs method of accounting. Thus, it implies that the value changes (gains or losses) are not considered by companies when using historical costs until an exchange takes place. From 1973 to 2000, there has been an issuance of the International Accounting standards by the IASC. The IASC was replaced by the IASB in 2001 and since then has tried to replace some of the IASs to International Financial Reporting Standards. (IAS Plus: Summaries of IFRSs and IASs) IAS 40 is one example as it moves from the revaluation model to either the fair value or the cost model on the adoption of IFRS. According to IAS 40, investment property is defined as the property that is held by a person for the purpose of earnings rentals, capital appreciation or both. Under the fair value model, the investment property is the property that can be exchanged between willing and knowledgeable parties in an arm’s length transaction. Gains and the losses that occur in the fair value must be added or subtracted respectively from the net profits in the time period in which the changes take place. Under the cost model, however, the investment property is accounted for (as set out in IAS 16) by measuring cost less accumulated depreciation and less accumulated impairment losses. The Land Securities Group is

Mediatation and relaxation training Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mediatation and relaxation training - Essay Example cal and psychological symptoms in diseases, an increased ability to relax during stressful situations, reductions in pain levels, and an enhanced ability to cope with chronic and recurring pain (Relax for Success, 2006). In the biobehavioral model, the body responds to the wear and tear that stress produces. When demands and pressures coming from external or internal stimuli get out of hand, the stress response becomes either extremely intense, occurs very often, or endures extensively. At this point the physical and mental symptoms makes things even worse by becoming sources of demand and pressure in and of themselves (Stress Directions, 2007). Both meditation and yoga gives us enhanced awareness and learning to relate directly to whatever is happening in your life. It gives a person a power to take charge in his life, and the ability to do things for yourself that no other else can do for you. Most people have been encountering loss of awareness to things outside our body and even within. This â€Å"mindlessness† makes us forgetful. It also urges us to feel that we are separated from ourselves—leading us to think that we are living life mechanically. By being aware of the presence and symptoms of stress, our body can respond appropriately to â€Å"mindlessness† Mindfulness is already within us, all we have to do is to reawaken this innate capacity in us to be released so that it would be used for us to learn, grow, and heal from physical, psychological and behavioral problems. b. Meditation, though has religious roots, has now been scientifically proven to effectively reduce the debilitating and dangerous effects of stress. Though science is an objective study of facts that encompasses the different religious practices and beliefs, they probe on things and knowledge on things that are beneficial and productive for our body. Through logic and experimentation, science has proven that meditation and yoga actually works. Though some religions do not have

Financial Risk Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Risk Management - Assignment Example 141). In this paper, Deutsche Bank, AG will be the organization that will be analyzed for its risk management and risk types it confronts. The types of risks that Deutsche Bank faces include: Credit risk: Credit risks come up from all dealings where concrete, conditional or possible claims in opposition to any counterparty, debtor or obligor. Deutsche Bank jointly refers to these parties as counterparties, as well as those claims that the bank plans to allocate (Deutsche Bank, 2011, p. 13). The dealings done on this risk are normally part of our conventional non-traded loaning operations like advances and provisional liabilities, or the direct exchange activity with clients like OTC byproducts, FX advances and forward rate agreements. Market risk: Market risk can be described as the likelihood for adjustment in the market worth of the bank’s exchange and investing positions Deutsche Bank, 2011, p. 14). Risk could come up from contrary alterations in interest rates, credit spre ads, foreign exchange tolls, equity costs, prices of goods and other pertinent parameters like market instability and market indirect default possibilities. The bank distinguishes amid three considerably dissimilar sorts of market risks. Operational risk: Operational risk is the likelihood for failure, as well as authorized risk, with regard to workers, predetermined conditions and records, expertise, substructure failure and crises, powers from outside the bank and client relationships. Operational risks do not include business and reputational risk Deutsche Bank, 2011, p. 13). Liquidity risk: Liquidity risk is the risk coming from Deutsche Bank’s potential incapacity to meet every responsibility when they arise because of simply being able to meet these duties at excessive expenses Deutsche Bank, 2011, p. 14). Business risk: Business risk describes the risk that Deutsche Bank presumes because of potential adjustments in overall business necessities the bank’s market environment, clientele actions and technological development. This could have an impact on the results of the bank is they do not change rapidly to these adjusting circumstances. Additionally, Deutsche Bank also encounters some other sorts of risks under the business risk category. They include reputational risk, insurance-specific and concentration risk. These risks are considerable linked to one or more of the stated risk sorts Deutsche Bank, 2011, p. 13). Reputational risks: With Deutsche Bank’s risk management procedures, the bank is able to describe reputational risk that advertising regarding dealing, counterparty or business parties engaging a customer will destructively affect the community’s faith in Deutsche Bank. A number of strategies and guidelines create the outline of the bank’s reputational risk management. The main accountability for the recognition, escalation and solution of reputational risk problems are inherent with the trading sector Deuts che Bank, 2011, p. 15). The risk management departments help and recommend the business sectors in determining that reputational risk issues are properly recognized, intensified and handled. Insurance-specific risk: Deutsche Bank’s disclosure to insurance risk is associated with Abbey Life Assurance Company Limited and the described advantage pension obligations of Deutsche Bank Group. The risk management of Deutsche Bank considers insurance-associated threats

Regent Park Mosque Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Regent Park Mosque - Coursework Example The Muslim community in the United Kingdom was officially presented with the Masjid as a gift from the government of Britain. This was aimed at enabling Muslims in London to create a centre for Islamic culture and build a mosque with an aim of providing an opportunity to carry out affairs related to their Islamic faith (Hodges, 2009, p. 57). This gift was greatly accepted by a mosque committee which comprised distinguished Islamic diplomats and Islamic residents living in the United Kingdom. This gift was presented to the Muslim community with the intent of paying tribute to thousands of Indian Islamic soldiers who had passed on while fighting for the British Empire. The British Empire at this time had more Muslims than Christians. In 1947, the London Central Mosque was registered by the mosque committee as a trust corporation named London Central Mosque Trust Limited. To date, the board members of the trust committee comprise Muslim countries’ diplomatic representatives whom the Court of St. James’s has accredited. The main objectives of the mosque committee included: first, to build a mosque on the provided site and secondly, to establish a cultural and religious centre for Muslims who resided in the United Kingdom at that time, and future generations. ... The cost of building the mosque was partly covered by Saudi Arabia’s King Faisal’s contribution of â‚ ¬2 million. In 1977, the mosque was finally completed with a total cost of â‚ ¬ 6.5 million. According to Hodges (2009), Regent’s Park Mosque is the United Kingdom’s centre for Islamic focus for Muslims and Islam. Apart from the mosque being a place where Muslims offer daily prayers, it also provides several services that include offering education to children located in central London and its environs. It provides conference facilities and serves as a convention centre. The centre also offers counseling and wedding halls for hire as well as fairs among other services. Regent’s Park Mosque symbolizes the presence of Islam and Muslims in London and the United Kingdom as a whole. The mosque is distinct from other buildings in London due its golden dome shape and the minaret (Hodges, 2009, p. 62). The prayer hall is designed in such a way that it is facing Mecca. It also has a distinguishing red carpet feature with a vast mosaic decorated dome as well as a huge chandelier located at the centre. In one prayer session, the mosque has the capacity to accommodate up to 1400 worshippers. The mosque can be extended to accommodate additional 4,000 worshippers during festivals and even more when the worshippers overcrowd in the main court yard (Hodges, 2009, p. 79). The London Central Mosque receives up to fifty thousand Muslim visitors during the two main Islamic festivals. During these periods, the mosque is overflown with Islamic worshippers from within London and outside. The central mosque of London is an active place receiving visitors and worshippers on a daily basis (Hodges, 2009, p. 79). The

PH Indicators Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PH Indicators - Lab Report Example Maintaining the pH is critical in any industrial processes employing enzymes. A few examples would be papain from the leaves and unripe fruit of the pawpaw (Carica papaya) has been used to tenderise meats. Amylase is used in starch hydrolysis. Now gluco-amylase functions at pH 4.5 whereas fungal amylase at pH 5.5. Lactose hydrolysis is carried out by lactase for Aspergillus niger and A.oryzae at pH optima (pH 4.5-6.0 and 3.0-4.0, respectively) .. 6.698970004 Useful range for the indicator: 8.69- 10.69 Indicator: Alizarin Yellow Test Tube Color After Adding the Indicator [OH-] pOH pH 1 red 0.05 12.69897 2 orange 0.005 11.69897 3 yellow 0.0005 10.69897 4 yellow 0.00005 9.698970004 5 yellow 0.000005 8.698970004 6 yellow 0.0000005 7.698970004 7 yellow 0.00000005 6.698970004 Useful range for the indicator: 10.69-12.69 Indicator: Red Cabbage extract Test Tube Color After Adding the Indicator [OH-] pOH pH 1 green-blue 0.05 12.69897 2 aqua blue 0.005 11.69897 3 aqua blue 0.0005 10.69897 4 sky blue 0.00005 9.698970004 5 Dark blue 0.000005 8.698970004 6 Violet 0.0000005 7.698970004 7 Pink 0.00000005 6.698970004 Useful range for the indicator: 6.69-8.89 Which indicator is the best to use for observing pH changes: near pH = 7 : Bromothymol Blue, Red Cabbage Extract near pH = 8 : Red Cabbage Extract near pH = 10 : Phenolphthalein near pH = 12 : Alizarin Yellow 1. Locate an industry, occupation, industrial process, etc., where pH is critical to success. Ans: Enzymes are biocatalysts which carry out biochemical reactions at rigid conditions of temperature and pH. Enzymes are used in multiple areas in Pharmaceutical, biotech and food industries where it is critical to maintain the pH of the process for optimal functioning of the enzymes. Maintaining the pH is critical in any industrial processes employing enzymes. A few examples would be papain from the leaves and unripe fruit of the pawpaw (Carica papaya) has been used to tenderise meats. Amylase is used in starch hydrolysis. Now gluco-amylase functions at pH 4.5 whereas fungal amylase at pH 5.5. Lactose hydrolysis is carried out by lactase for Aspergillus niger and A.oryzae at pH optima (pH 4.5-6.0 and 3.0-4.0, respectively) 2. Is

Introduction to Combustion and Fire Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Introduction to Combustion and Fire - Case Study Example For example, when chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are exposed to high energy sun rays, chlorine and bromine atoms are released. These chlorine/bromine atoms act as catalysts in the breaking up of ozone molecules. Free radicals are atoms or molecules possessing one or more unpaired electrons. Free radicals are formed as intermediaries of reactions. One of the most common free radicals is the hydroxyl free radical (HO∙). Ions, free atoms, and free radicals are reaction intermediaries. While ions are charged species, free radicals are groups containing unpaired electrons, and free atoms are single atoms without charge. Ions can exist in a stable equilibrium, but free atoms and free radicals are highly unstable and react with other atoms or molecules soon after formation. During bond formation, an electron from 2s orbital is moved to 2pz orbital. This process requires a small amount of energy as the energy gap between 2s and 2p orbitals are less. So the new electronic structure is 1s22s12px12py12pz1 Pentane has a molar mass of 72.15 gmol-1. For 1 mole of pentane, mass is 72.15 g. As calculates earlier, at temperature 298.15K and pressure 1.013Ãâ€"105 Pa, the volume of 1 mol of pentane is 2.447Ãâ€"10-2 m3. A reaction where the products are in the most stable state is known as a complete chemical reaction. In the fire, a complete chemical reaction with no fuel and oxygen left is known as a stoichiometric reaction. The reaction mixtures in such a state are stoichiometric mixtures. The stoichiometric oxygen to fuel mass ratio r is determined from the equation. The equivalence ratio () which describes the state of the reactant mixture, is defined as (Quintere, 2006): Concentration is a measure of the packaging of particles per unit volume and its unit is moles per dm3 or moldm-3. A mole is a unit to measure the amount of substance. One mole of a substance contains 6.023Ãâ€"1023 atoms, molecules, or ions.   

PH Indicators Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PH Indicators - Lab Report Example Maintaining the pH is critical in any industrial processes employing enzymes. A few examples would be papain from the leaves and unripe fruit of the pawpaw (Carica papaya) has been used to tenderise meats. Amylase is used in starch hydrolysis. Now gluco-amylase functions at pH 4.5 whereas fungal amylase at pH 5.5. Lactose hydrolysis is carried out by lactase for Aspergillus niger and A.oryzae at pH optima (pH 4.5-6.0 and 3.0-4.0, respectively) .. 6.698970004 Useful range for the indicator: 8.69- 10.69 Indicator: Alizarin Yellow Test Tube Color After Adding the Indicator [OH-] pOH pH 1 red 0.05 12.69897 2 orange 0.005 11.69897 3 yellow 0.0005 10.69897 4 yellow 0.00005 9.698970004 5 yellow 0.000005 8.698970004 6 yellow 0.0000005 7.698970004 7 yellow 0.00000005 6.698970004 Useful range for the indicator: 10.69-12.69 Indicator: Red Cabbage extract Test Tube Color After Adding the Indicator [OH-] pOH pH 1 green-blue 0.05 12.69897 2 aqua blue 0.005 11.69897 3 aqua blue 0.0005 10.69897 4 sky blue 0.00005 9.698970004 5 Dark blue 0.000005 8.698970004 6 Violet 0.0000005 7.698970004 7 Pink 0.00000005 6.698970004 Useful range for the indicator: 6.69-8.89 Which indicator is the best to use for observing pH changes: near pH = 7 : Bromothymol Blue, Red Cabbage Extract near pH = 8 : Red Cabbage Extract near pH = 10 : Phenolphthalein near pH = 12 : Alizarin Yellow 1. Locate an industry, occupation, industrial process, etc., where pH is critical to success. Ans: Enzymes are biocatalysts which carry out biochemical reactions at rigid conditions of temperature and pH. Enzymes are used in multiple areas in Pharmaceutical, biotech and food industries where it is critical to maintain the pH of the process for optimal functioning of the enzymes. Maintaining the pH is critical in any industrial processes employing enzymes. A few examples would be papain from the leaves and unripe fruit of the pawpaw (Carica papaya) has been used to tenderise meats. Amylase is used in starch hydrolysis. Now gluco-amylase functions at pH 4.5 whereas fungal amylase at pH 5.5. Lactose hydrolysis is carried out by lactase for Aspergillus niger and A.oryzae at pH optima (pH 4.5-6.0 and 3.0-4.0, respectively) 2. Is

Teenage Drinking Essay Example for Free

Teenage Drinking Essay For the past decade, there has been a major problem with underage drinking in this world. Many of teenagers have been able to buy consumed drinking without the appearance of their parents. Today, many teenagers experience different things in the world. Whether it is their first date or first day in high school, teens are always eager to try something different or new. One of the things that teenagers try is drinking alcohol. Unfortunately, underage drinkers often abuse alcohol. Many reasons why underage teens are consuming alcohol because there were alcoholics in the family, peer pressure, stress and family problems. When growing up with an alcoholic, the kids mind thinks that it is normal to drink non-stop. The emotional and psychological scars that children can develop in alcoholic homes can be so deep that they can last well into adulthood. If you were raised in a home with alcoholism or addiction, you may find that some of the following characteristics are very familiar(Dr. Jan Woititz). People tend to become isolated, fear people and authority figures become approval seekers, be frightened of angry people, be terrified of personal criticism, become alcoholics, marry them or both view life as a victim have an overwhelming sense of responsibility, be concerned more with others than themselves, feel guilty when they stand up for themselves, become addicted to excitement, confuse love and pity love people who need rescuing, stuff their feelings lose the ability to feel, have low self-esteem, and judge themselves harshly. Those are just few of the effects of alcoholic problems in the family. Studies state that people look to alcohol because of economic, job stress or marital discord. In humans between certain types of alcoholism and adverse early childhood experiences. High levels of stress may influence drinking frequency and quantity. This relationship between stress and drinking even is stronger when alternative coping mechanisms and social supports are  lacking. Finally, when individuals believe that alcohol will help to reduce the stress in their lives, alcohol is most likely to be used in response to stress. Drinking appears to follow stress but some evidence also links excessive drinking to the anticipation of a major stress or even during times of stress (BRESSERT). Stress can lead to being a alcoholic because the person is so tired of being in a state of stress so they look for something that can calm them down so they turn to either weed or alcohol. They drink as much as they could until it goes away but in reality the stress does not go away. So if it do not work then that means they going to keep looking towards liquor to get rid of it. This drinking can make their way of thinking change. Over time, heavy drinking interferes with the neurotransmitters in the brain that are needed for good mental health. So while alcohol may help deal with stress in the short term, in the long run it can contribute to feeling of depression and anxiety and make stress harder to deal with (Eva Cyhlarov). Joseph A. Califano, Jr says The media focuses on illegal drugs [ such as ] heroin, but thats the tail. The dog is alcohol and the dog is really biting our kids (69). This can cause you to hurt others, get you into illegal trouble, and damage your relationships. Alcohol can damage the young brain, interferes with mental and social development, and interrupts academic progress. Alcohol is attracts teenagers easily and leads to the three leading causes of teen death: accidents, homicide and suicide. You can also harm your body now and when you grow up and also get you addicted. When drunk people tend to not notice anything so they start fights, unprotected sex, driving drunk and heavy hangovers. People have died from drinking on the beach and like to go swimming which leads to death. It is said from Anthony that people dont die from smoking weed, they die from drinking alcohol(70). It seems to be true because you cannot die from a plant but you can die from something that is mix with ma ny chemicals. They can die from intense alcohol intoxication. Why do teens drink? Teens seem to look towards drinking as a pleasure but what they do not notice is messing up their body. Even though they know its bad for them, they insist that alcohol isnt really a drug, however kids  know that beer, wine, and liquor can you into big trouble. It is said by CASA that 8th graders used 47.0% of alcohol, 10th graders used 66.9% and 12th Graders used 78.4%. Used in past year, 8th graders are 38.7%, 10th graders are 60.0%, and 12th graders are 71.5%. Used in the past months, 8ths graders are 19.6%, 10th graders are 60.0% and 12th graders are 48.6%. Seventy-two percent of college students report that they used alcohol at least once within the 30 days prior to completing the Core survey. Within the last year, 84 percent of students report they drank alcohol (Alcohol and College Students Drinking Fact Sheet, 1). 82% of students under age 21, using alcohol within the past year. Student athletes are more often the heaviest drinkers in the overall student population. Half of college athletes (57 percent of men and 48 percent of women) are binge drinkers and experience a greater number of alcohol related harms than other students. College athletes are also more likely than other students to say that getting drunk is an important reason for drinking(Dying to Drink by Henry Wechsler, Ph.D.). Seventy-eight percent of college athletes report that they used alcohol on at least one occasion in the past 30 days prior to completing the Core survey. Within the past year, 88 percent of student athletes report using alcohol. One in five athletes believe others students drinking adversely affects their involvement on an athletic team or in other organized groups. Some athletes do not think of the repercussions while they are out with fellow teammates, drinking a limitless amount of alcohol. They are caught up in the moment and want to be cool with friends and associates. They don’t think how this is going to affect their upcoming game or practice. Some athletes believe they can handle excessive drinking and performing well in games. There thought pattern is party hard right now and worry about practice or the game later. This is a poor thought pattern that will always harm their performance. Athletes know alcohol affects their system in a negative way, yet they still consume large amounts(Nelson and Wechsler1 2001). Colleges and pro-football leagues look at this kind of things. They have a wide-range programs that can track and also test 100% if someone is under the influence of alcohol and drugs. Today, as you may have read many teenagers are under the influence of alcohol in the stages of high school and college. There were many studies  that were conduction that gave us information about the average student alcoholics or up and coming alcoholics. There were many effects of alcoholic that people did not understand. These kids do not understand what it can do to your life and physical-self in the future. They wont understand the outcomes until it hits them clearly in the head.

Importance Of Environmental Impact Assessments

Importance Of Environmental Impact Assessments The environment that we live in is the foundation on which all life is based on. We need to preserve and protect the natural environment and by implementing environmental impact assessments we can sustain the environment for future development and not ruin it. Environmental impact assessments (EIAs) are becoming increasingly important all over the world, and the need to perform environmental impact assessments have been made compulsory in a lot of countries. In South Africa the environmental laws are very strict to protect the environment of the country that we live in. EIAs are performed on the sites where new developments are scheduled to be undertaken or where there is a planned extension of previously developed projects, to assess the impact that the developments will have on the environment. One person cannot perform an environmental impact assessment alone, but rather a team of environmental assessment practitioners (EAPs). The environment The word environment has a very broad spectrum of areas that it could consist of, but it is most commonly used to describe the naturally occurring environment. It is the world we live in, work in, play in, and includes all living (and non-living) things that we encounter on earth. (Aucamp, 2009, p.1). The environment has the ability to vary as time goes by. Therefore the species or organisms that live in an environment need to be able to adapt to these changes in their living environments in order to survive. The environment provides resources for different types of projects. These resources are all part of the environment and prove to be a very crucial part of our lives. The environment is the foundation of future life and needs to be protected and preserved. Environmental Impact Assessment An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is defined by Canter (1999) as the classification and estimation of the impacts that a planned project could potentially have on various workings of the environment. These impacts can occur directly, as well as indirectly and include both environmental and social implications. Environmental impact assessment of proposed development should prove that a project does not have a major negative effect on the environment. If a project does have a significant impact on the environment, the environmental impact assessment should show that these impacts can be mitigated to such an extent such that it doesnt have a great effect on the environment. An environmental impact assessment is not just a document, but rather a process that is followed. This process can be described as very flexible, since there are many different methods and techniques of performing an EIA. EIAs should only be performed once a well proposed project has been planned. Main activities that take place during an EIA During an environmental impact assessment a lot of crucial steps need to be followed and it is very important that all of these steps are completed thoroughly to ensure that the EIA has been performed correctly. These are the four main activities involved in an EIA: Scoping Stakeholder involvement Environmental assessments Related legal aspects These activities will be explained individually throughout the remainder of this report. Screening Screening is the process that needs to be undertaken to establish whether or not an environmental impact assessment has to be done. This process (screening) is done by compiling all the necessary given information or, if there is not enough information, a brief assessment or site visit needs to be done. The level at which an EIA must be performed can also be determined by implementing screening. The steps that can be followed After screening has been completed, decisions on how to continue with the development can be made. The steps that can be followed to perform screening are as follows: Initial meeting with the promoter of the proposed development The environmental assessment practitioner that has been placed in charge of the specific project needs to meet with the person who is promoting the new development or the extension of an old development. They have to discuss all the aspects of the proposed project. These aspects are things like the reason of the project, the size, cost, main stakeholders, opposition and whether some parts of the project are negotiable or not. The environmental assessment practitioner needs to know who all the people are that are in charge of the different categories of the project in order to assess exactly what all the impacts of the project will be. Visit the proposed or existing location of the site During a visit to the intended site, a lot of necessary information can be gathered that is needed for the screening of the project. The exact co-ordinates of the site can be obtained as well as pictures. This makes the project more realistic to assess and easier to visualize once you are no longer on site. While on site, observation can be made and in situ tests can be conducted. The surrounding areas can also be assessed and therefore the whole screening process becomes more intense, which allows for more accurate results concerning the level of the environmental impact assessment that possibly has to be performed. A study of all applicable legislation All the legal requirements that involve an EIA have to be examined. Regulations and rules regarding EIAs according to the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) need to be adhered to at all times. These regulations could also determine whether a basic or full scale environmental impact assessment is required. Knowledgeable experts should be advised when working with all the legal aspects of a project during screening. Scoping After the screening process has been completed, or even at the same time as the screening process, scoping can commence. During scoping the most important issues are attended to. These are the issues that have been raised during the screening of the proposed development that has caused the greatest concerns among the environmental assessment practitioners, the people in charge of the project and the general public. Therefore this process mainly highlights which impacts will have the greatest effect and provides a trend for the final assessment. Scoping is necessary for projects of all sizes. Scoping should be performed throughout the project. Once the site for the proposed development has been finalised the angle of the scoping will differ. Then there will be less issues and more attention can be placed on detailed aspects of the assessment. According to Hamilton (2000) additional time is needed to assess unknown impacts that the project may have on the environment and the social community. This is caused by ineffective scoping. Activities During the scoping process a number of activities take place. These activities include: Identifying the key stakeholders and introducing them to the project and the stakeholders list. Highlighting the most significant issues, values and concerns that need attention during an EIA. Using findings accurately in debating situations as well as in crucial decision making, involving alternatives that could be introduced to a project. The process of identifying all the policies, regulations and detailed aspects of the assessment. These activities should provide a comprehensive scope and could point to means of mitigation or alternatives (Aucamp, 1999; Bekker, 2006). Stakeholder involvement In order to comprehend the stakeholder involvement it is first necessary to understand who a stakeholder is. Howlett and Nagu (1997) define stakeholders as all those people and institutions who have an interest in the successful design, implementation and sustainability of the project. This includes those positively and negatively affected by the project. Stakeholder participation involves processes whereby all those with a stake in the outcome of a project can actively participate in decisions on planning and management. They share information and knowledge, and may contribute to the project, so as to enhance the success of the project and hence ultimately their own interests. Stakeholder involvement is the process where the affected parties of a proposed development or activity participate in the project and includes the full range of communication between the stakeholders and the decision makers of the proposed development. The stakeholders of a project should therefore be part of decisions that are made during a project and they should always be briefed as to the status of the project. Stakeholders should have a right to their opinion and always be brought into consideration during and after a project has been completed. Reasons why stakeholder involvement is important according to Hughes (1998) Stakeholders help identify and address issues that are relevant during an EIA. The involvement of stakeholders helps to connect traditional knowledge of the environment to the project. During an EIA the stakeholder involvement improves the communication between the promoters of the development and the stakeholders. The involvement of all the different stakeholders allows the promoters to identify each stakeholders requirements concerning the project. Stakeholders could identify problems and come up with promising opportunities for the mitigation of problems. Stakeholders make sure that the EIA is performed thoroughly and assure that no aspects have been neglected. When satisfactory attention is spent on stakeholder involvement during an EIA, the class prediction of the environmental assessment improves. Stakeholder involvement allows for more information to be gathered when an assessment is being done. Some local stakeholders have cumulative knowledge about their environments and more availability to information concerning the area of the development. Environmental assessments An environmental assessment (EA) is the process of determining the consequences or effects of change (positive or negative) that a proposed development or activity might have on the environment. The environmental assessment therefore studies the effects that these changes will have on both the physical as well as the social environment. Some changes wont have any effect on the environment. Jain (2004) concluded that some projects that undergo an environmental assessment wont experience any changes caused by the actions, but the present status of the project might have been unacceptable from the start. Methods used to perform environmental assessments according to (Aucamp, 2009) Comparisons with EIA projects in similar projects Checklists Environmental cost-benefit studies Expert opinions and systems Indicators of environmental media or resources Laboratory testing Landscape evaluation Interaction matrices Impact tree networks Photography These are just a few examples and there are many more methods used to perform environmental assessments. Most important environmental legislation controlling the undertaking of an EIA in South Africa In South Africa there are environmental laws that need to be followed when one plans on performing an EIA. This body of rules and guidelines forms part of the structure of the South African environmental legislation. Multinational environmental agreement (MEA) This is part of an international law and includes the following: Treaties Attending to endangered species. Protocols These include the Kyoto protocol that controls carbon emissions. Conventions This includes the likes of the Montreal convention. The Constitution The constitution addresses the rights of all South African citizens. The South African Constitution environmental right section 24 (Republic of South Africa, 1996a) says that: Everyone has the right (a) to an environment that is not harmful to their health or wellbeing; and (b) to have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that (i) prevent pollution and ecological degradation; (ii) promote conservation; and (iii) secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development. Statuary law Written statuary laws are signed by ministers and presidents. The following are general statuary laws: Environmental Conservation Act (ECA) No. 73, 1989. National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) NO. 107, 1998 Chapter 5 amended 2008. Specific law The following are specific laws that are pert of the South African environmental legislation: Air: VEMA Air quality Act No. 39, 2004. Water: National Water Act No. 36, 1998. Soil: Conservation of agricultural resources Act No. 43, 1983. Biodiversity: NEMA Protected areas Act 2003 NEMA Environmental Biodiversity Act No. 25. 1999. Heritage: National Heritage Resources Act No. 25, 1999. Civil law The civil law is one that is unwritten. It is based on precedent and it is between individuals or between individuals and companies or governmental organizations. All of the above mentioned laws form part of the structure of the most important environmental legislation controlling the undertaking of EIAs in South Africa. When an environmental impact assessment should be undertaken in South Africa Every country has their own environmental legislations and follows different procedures when they plan on performing environmental impact assessments. South Africa has one of the best environmental legislations in the world, which covers every aspect of the environment in order to protect and preserve it for sustainable development. South Africa is very prosperous in terms of natural environment, since the country has a great deal of wildlife and resources. Knowing when to perform an environmental impact assessment is crucial and no short cuts should be taken when determining this. Knowing when to perform an EIA A certain criteria of requirements need to be met in order to ensure whether or not an environmental impact assessment should be performed or not. In South Arica there are rules and regulation controlling this decision. These requirements are all covered in the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA), the three listing activities and the EIA regulations. New projects that have started after the 2nd of August 2010 need to adhere to the new regulations. These regulations are discussed in the following subsection. New regulations When determining whether an EIA should be performed the new regulations that have been promulgated in June 2006 should be taken into consideration. After the EIA legislation was introduced to South Africa it was reviewed in 2006. This review brought a number of amendments to the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) which improved certain acts that wasnt up to standards. On the 2nd of August 2010 these regulations were changed slightly. The following regulations have come into effect: Projects that run through this transitional period and cross over into the new regulations only need to adhere to all the old environmental impact assessment regulations, which were still in effect when the project started. Differences between basic and full scale environmental impact assessments in South Africa Full scale EIA Acknowledge receipt Check application Submit application EIA Response Submit scoping report Scoping Notification of decision Decision Response Basic EIA Submit application Basic assessment report Public participation Await authorisation Acknowledge receipt Check application Response Notification of decision Images of environmental impacts in South Africa Moses Mahbida Stadium in Durban Description This photo shows the construction of the soccer stadium. This huge structure covers 89600 m2 and is 45 m in height. A 350 m long arch that stretches across the stadiums length reaches a height of 100 m. Type of project This was a construction project for the development of Durbans Fifa World Cup 2010 venue that replaced the old Kings Park Soccer Stadium. Impacts This stadiums biggest negative impact was its visual impact on Durban, since it is such a massive structure and it was an upgrade of an existing stadium. Mitigation of impacts The design of this stadium was done to world class standards. The stadium was designed to be a great engineering accomplishment and by doing this the big structure no longer had a negative impact on the social environment. Everyone was looking forward to the completion of the great stadium and they were proud to include this stadium to the image of Durban. Cape Town International Convention Centre (CTICC) Description This is a photo of the Cape Town International Conference Centre that is stated to be the greenest building in South Africa. This project is attempting to set international standards in sustainable building design and management. Type of project A 30000 m2 extension project of the Cape Town International Conference Centre was performed to improve the facility. Impacts This building didnt have any significant negative impacts on the environment, but it didnt have any positive impacts either. Mitigation of impacts The mitigation process for this project was turning a project with no impact on the environment into a project with an overall positive impact on the environment. According to Harcourt (2008) they accomplished this by designing the building to use 40 percent less energy per m2, 25 percent less waste to landfill and 95 percent potable water. The port of Ngqura Description This is a development of a deep water port at the Coega River Mouth. It is situated about 20 km from Port Elizabeth and will be the deepest container terminal in Africa. Type of project This is a brand new project that has been built from scratch. It will have a fixed embedded jet pump sand bypass system. It will include major earthworks as well as road networks. Impacts The natural environment around this area has been severely changed and damaged. This was a very simple piece of land and there were no endangered species. It will surely also positively impact the economical environment of a previously undeveloped and poor region. Mitigation of impacts The areas all around the Port will be developed once Ngqura is promoted to South Africas hub port. These damaged areas will then be created into an industrial area and create thousands of jobs and economically strengthen the region Gautrain Project Description The Gautrain will be a Rapid Rail Link system that can improve transportation in the Gauteng area. It is a world class railway system and will produce high speed trains for speedy transportation that stretches from Johannesburg to Pretoria. Type of project This will be South Africas most technological transportation project to date. This Rapid Rail Link system has been under construction for several years and is currently up and running. This project has a lot of potential of expanding in the future. Impacts Due to the size of this project there are a lot of impacts. There are both bio-physical and socio-economical impacts. The bio-physical impacts are the following: Fauna and flora along the path of the construction. Ground and wetlands that are destroyed. Soils along the route and the geology of the earth. Air quality around the construction sites. The socio-economical impacts are as follows: Noise and vibration that will be caused during the construction and once the trains are running every day. Land use and the property values. Social. Heritage. Economic. Mitigation of impacts The developers of the Gautrain project have held several meetings with the public and their stakeholders in order to mitigate all of the problems that have arisen from this project. All endangered plant species have been saved and protected. Wetlands have been rehabilitated to previous conditions as well as damaged ground and soils. The noise levels have been lessened considerably since the project has been running and there have been no major complaints. All heritage sites have been protected during the construction. Overall this project has shown a very large potential for economic growth. Impacts The most significant impacts involved with this project are the transmission integration factors, seismic suitability of the sites, impacts on dune geomorphology, impacts on wetlands, impacts on vertebrate fauna, impacts on invertebrate fauna and economic impacts. Mitigation of impacts Conclusion This report has shown the importance of environmental impact assessments. It is definitely a fundamental step in the life of a project. Performing an EIA is critical for a successful project and that projects are done without performing EIAs are destined for failure and devastation to all the people involved in the project. The South African law proves to be very up to date when it comes to environmental legislation and is of world class standards. These laws protect all environments and help enforce developers to build according to the regulations. EIAs very detailed processes and all developers should gain insight as to what the procedures are when performing EIAs and when EIAs should be performed to basic or full scales. EIAs are there to protect the environment and ensure sustainable development. They ensure that we leave something behind for future generations.